Which term describes a stoma that appears sunken or pulled back into the abdomen?

• A. Mucocutaneous separation
• B. Fistula
• C. Stoma retraction
• D. Necrosis

Answer: (C)

Stoma retraction describes a stoma that sinks back into the abdomen, making the opening sit level with or below the skin. This happens when the tissue around the stoma loses support or is under tension, so the stoma does not project outward as it should. When a stoma retracts, the skin barrier may not seal properly, increasing the risk of leaks and skin irritation. Management focuses on restoring outward projection and a better seal, such as using a convex skin barrier, barrier rings, or other fit adjustments, and addressing contributing factors like hydration and abdominal support. In more persistent cases, surgical revision may be considered.

Mucocutaneous separation involves a gap where the stoma meets the skin, not a sunken stoma; a fistula is an abnormal tract that can form between the bowel and skin; necrosis refers to tissue death with nonviable, discolored tissue.